Web Application Design for School Organisation Optimization

Web Application number for School Organisation OptimizationApplication and Kn motor hornedge DesignAt first, the ontology will be planned in accordance with the methodology of ontology building. definition of the OntologyThe ontology domain is establish upon the running of a school. The goal of the research is to bring home the bacon users of the applications with the prospects to get information regarding the requirement that is required in the running of a school. The school will incorporate separatees, departments, subjects, entirely staff etc.QueriesIn set up to get every(prenominal) the required information, a number of queries have to be performed throughout the wind vane. Coupled with the required information, it locoweed be stated that the following queries pauperisation to be performed.What is taught Monday morning in elbow room CWG/03 at 9am?How m whatsoever girls atomic number 18 in year 10 take Science?How old is the head instructor?What teacher is head of the sports department?Who teachers Geography and alike Sports?Please give both the dapples of teachers and their email addresses if known.How m whatsoever of the admin team are under 40 years of age?Admin lag members whose surname begin with WRetrieve only teachers and their qualificationsRetrieve the name of all subjects taught by the teacher with ID 2341Why the heavens is Interesting to an Audience?The shift of the paradigms in the field of precept in the recent decades, as come up as the spreading of education, proposes ways through which the education can be provided under oneness roof. Practitioners and researchers are making both attempt to find approximate methodologies for making education easily availcapable to every human being. With the proposed ontology, the user can have a concept of the school and will be able to develop the school frame in any part of the world with an ease of the information technology. The respective domain ontology will act as an instrument for the construction of the school system in an efficient and efficient manner.Consider Salvaging Existing OntologiesIn straddle to make an application that fulfils the needed requirements, the following ontologies have been deployed.Tools for Managing OntologiesIn the context of definitions and typologies, there are also several available tools for defining and managing ontologies. Since the initials and more than rudimentary (Ontolingua Server, Ontosaurus) to the most recent and advanced, the following typology has been proposed.Ontology Development ToolsThis group includes the tools that serve for the construction of advanced ontologies or for the apply of existing tools (Tolk, 2013). Among its functionalities are the addition and the consultation, as well as the export and import of ontologies, visualization in various graphic formats, etc.Ontology Fusion and integrating ToolsThese tools try to solve the problem of the combination and integration of diverse ontologies of the same domain that occurs when two distinct organizations are united, or when it is intended to obtain a quality ontology, from the existing ones (Jain, 2013).Ontology Evaluation ToolsThey appear as tools for support should ensure that both ontologies and related technologies have a minimum level of quality (Ferraram, 2013). In the coming years, this effort can lead to identical certifications.Annotation ToolsThese tools are premeditated to consent users to insert information and data (Jain, 2013). just virtually of these tools have seemed recently, on with the idea of the semantic web.Tools, Storage and QuestionsThey are termed as the instruments that have been created to allow easy use ontologies (Maedche, 2012). The key is the intent that the web becomes a real computer programme to transmit kn automobile hornedge.Learning ToolsThey are semi-automatically used to build ontologies from natural language.Along with the tools or editors, ontologies must mention the existence o f different languages that allow the creation and / or development thereof. Most are built by XML syntax or RDF (S) and OIL (Ontology Inference Layer), DAML (DARPA Agent Mark-up row), OIL and OWL (The Web Ontology Language) (Shvaiko, 2013). In any case, some of these ontology languages are still in development, although thanks to the work and support of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) OWL seems that consolidates acquiring a uncontaminating and obvious progression.Significant Terms used within the School OntologyThe significant terms that will be deployed throughout the research paper are mentioned below.StaffStudentsTeachers/LecturersAdmin staffRoomsClassroomsStaff roomTimetableDescription of the Classes and Hierarchy ClassesThe screen outes are explained in the below mentioned diagram. The Architecture of 3-Tier Content Management is illustrated in the below mentioned diagram.Description of the Classes and Hierarchy ClassesDescribing ClassesThree primary formes will be defi ned i.e. Users, institutions, and learning resources. The institution class is further dual-lane into colleges. The learning resource class incorporates a list of overall courses as its user class and subclasses consists of a list of every oddball of users i.e. Instructor, student, and administrator (Jain, 2013). The overall classes are sub classed under one class that exemplifies overall classes root.Tools and Techniques Used in Prototype DevelopmentOwl and Protg editor have been deployed to build domain ontologies for its popularity and simplicity. RDQL and Jena2 APIs have been deployed in order to interact with a semantic web reasoner to implement the designed prototype (Kholief, 2012). OWL has been used as the ontology language, reason being it has been recommended receivable to its tool support, and functionality. SPARQL is the recommendation of the W3C recommendation as a query language within the framework of Jena for RDF.SPARQL has been deployed to extract the informatio n from the graphs of RDF. This infers that the only information received by the SPARQL is stored in a model that consists of a set of N-triple statements (Ferraram, 2013). Moreover, SPARQL can process the ontology in a wide range of languages, including SPARQL, OWL, identical to other languages of RDF based query ierSeRQL, RDQL, and SPARQL is regretful to provide semantics with reference to DL, OWL. A typical SPARQL query possesses the below motioned formsSELECT ?xWHERE (?xshortPrefix localName value)USING short Prefix FOR ?x refers to the variables that will return to the applications.The WHERE clause stipulates the graph pattern in the form of the list of the triple patternsUSING clause describes an alias for URIs prefix to simplify the URL (Stevenson, 2015)SPARQL can query regarding the objects or predicates too. However, the limitation of SPARQL incorporates that there exists no query disjunction.The Repository mark stores both the structure and sum of the ontology. The G eneric ontology researcher engine resides in the semantic tier amid the end user interface tier and repository tier (Icoza, 2015). The end-user interface tier cooperates with the guinea pig server via the reasoner by stipulating the criteria tier attri ande-value pairs and the constraints. Then, the reasoner locates the clever contents (based upon those conditions), and deliver content to the software agents/ users within an arranged manner. Such a type of system decomposition allows those to develop large-scale software systems and reduces the overall time of development (Kholief, 2012). To illustrate the dependencies or kins in the respective domain, 2 types of relationships have been used the direct relationship amid content incorporating its inverse relationship. The other relationship is the transitive or indirect, tier prerequisite that refers to the inherited relationships.Sparql queriesWhat is taught Monday morning in room CWG/03 at 9am?prefix rdf prefix bird of night a ffix rdfs affix xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?course ?weekday ?time ?roomWHERE ?course rdftype schCourse .?course schday ?weekday .?course schtime ?time .?course schroom ?room . filtrate regex(str(?weekday),Monday,i)FILTER regex(str(?time),9AM,i)Science course is taught Monday at 9AM in room CWG/03.How many girls take science in year 10?PREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT (MAX(?course) as ?course_name) (COUNT(?students) AS ?no_students)WHERE ?course rdftype schCourse .FILTER regex(str(?course),Science_,i) .?course schhascourse ?students .?students a ?type .FILTER( regex(STR(?type), Year10)) .?students sch sexual practice ?gender .FILTER regex(str(?gender),F,i) .The number of girls who take science in year 10 is 2.How old is the head teacher?PREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?task ?numWHERE ?task rdftype schHeadteacher .OPTIONAL ?task schage ?num The headteacher is 45 years old.What teacher is head of the sports department?PREFIX rdf PRE FIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?nameWHERE ?name rdftype schSports_head .His name is Martin RichardsWho teachers Geography and also Sports?PREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?teacher ?teachesWHERE ?teacher rdftype schTeachers .?teacher schIsLecturerOf ?teaches .FILTER (regex(str(?teaches),Geography_,i) regex(str(?teaches),Sports,i)) .Bill Waite teaches both Geography and Sports.Please give all the names of teachers and their email addresses if known. (Optional patterns, week 6, lecture 5, slide 12)PREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?name ?emailWHERE ?name rdftype schTeachers .OPTIONAL ?name schemail ?email .How many of the admin team are under 40 years of age?PREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT (COUNT(?all) AS ?total)WHERE ?all rdftype schReceptionist UNION ?all rdftype schSecretary UNION ?all rdftype schSwitchboard_Operator .?all schage ?yrs .FILTER (?yrs There are 2 members of the admin team that have less than 40 years.What members of the admin staff surname begins with WPREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?allWHERE ?all rdftype schReceptionist UNION ?all rdftype schSecretary UNION ?all rdftype schSwitchboard_Operator .FILTER regex(str(?all),_w,i)Paula Wilson, Charlie Williams and Jane Wight are the admin members whose surname begins with W.Retrieve all teachers and their qualificationsPREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?teacher ?teachesWHERE ?teacher rdftype schTeachers .?teacher schIsLecturerOf ?teaches .Retrieve the name of all subjects taught by the teacher with ID 2341PREFIX rdf PREFIX owl PREFIX rdfs PREFIX xsd PREFIX schSELECT ?teacher ?id ?subjectsWHERE ?teacher rdftype schTeachers .?teacher schID ?idFILTER (?id=2341) .?teacher schIsLecturerOf ?subjectsAlbert Tatlock, the teacher with ID 2341, teaches ICT.DBPediaA timetable query.Results in HTMLOntology-Oriented Inference-Based Learning Conte nt Management System ApplicationSemantic web technologies based upon ontology are considered as the promising solution in order to provide an explicit definition of the shared conceptualisation regarding certain domain as well as acknowledging assemblage of e-learning contents. Ontologies integrated with profiles of the learner integrate to provide enhanced results within an e-learning LMS system. It could be used in contrast with multi-agent technologies in order to derive personalised learning paths (Stevenson, 2015). The domain of courses can be easily managed by ontology and provide explicit details of education establishment as well as adaptation of students learning paths.General Concepts of LCMSLMS is regarded as the software package, usually applied on the large scale that enables the delivery of learning resources and courses and watchfulness to students. Most of the LMS systems are web-based in order to facilitate anywhere, anytime access to administration and learning co ntent. LMS is referred to as the reporting systems and do not include ways to develop new content or to deliver small learning packets (Icoza, 2015). LMS is fashioned for tracking test results, registration, class lists, grades, managing all learning events within the academics institute and class scheduling.In contrast, the LCMs focus upon the learning content. It provides authors, subject matter experts, and instructional designers to means to develop e-learning content in a more effective way. The core concern that is refractory by LCMs is to develop sufficient content just in time to meet the requirements of the learners group or individual learners (Kuhn, 2012). Instructional designers develop chunks of reusable content rather than entire courses and acclimatising to multiple audiences, and make them available to the course developers all through the academic institute.Sequence DiagramThe sequence of steps is performed on the retrieve and query as mentioned in the figure below . The flow proceeds as followsThe user search for certain information after the registration to systemThen, the semantic-based LMS experience the validation of the queryThe system informs him about, if there is any error in request sending or if the query is invalidIf the query is valid, then the system gets the query at repository data as well as user history repository, and sees there is any existing data (Kuhn, 2012).The system notifies him about the existence of data, if the data exists, then data is retrieved by the system makes an inference to that of fetching data by deploying the rules of validationIt saves the result of inference to the repository and includes the outcomes to the pilot burner retrieved data and responses to the operator. discover Sequence DiagramFundamental OntologiesThe system is based on the ontological framework to allow chunk demonstration of learning content on with its principle building blocks much(prenominal) as different types of learning acti vities, learning content, participants within the process of learning i.e. teaching assistants, teachers, learners, etc. (Ferraram, 2013). The ontology domains defined can be salvaged by other ontologies, therefore assimilating various contemporary technologies under single ontology illustrating a large domain.Describing ClassesThree primary classes will be defined i.e. users, institutions, and learning resources. The institution class is further divided into colleges. The learning resource class incorporates a list of overall courses as its user class and subclasses consists of a list of every type of users i.e. instructor, student, and administrator (Jain, 2013). The overall classes are sub classed under one class that exemplifies overall classes root.Outlining Properties flesh Object PropertiesFigure Datatype PropertiesThe ontology of the learning resources is the core of this framework has been demonstrated in the graph illustrated below exploitation the OntoGraft (Kholief, 20 12). It consists of a number of properties and classes aimed at ballly signifying learning content. The ontologies have been divided into two segments information of learning course and learning content information. The class courses is the one that has been opted by more than one learner while interrelating with customers.The other class consists of the course content such(prenominal) as lab experience, PowerPoint lectures, notes, and media. Moreover, the courses are also divided into the subclasses. Class course specifications incorporate the information regarding the field, term, and the course type. In addition, class course enrolment includes information regarding the enrolment of students on certain course (Icoza, 2015). The ontology signifies characteristics to the overall procures of E-learning i.e. Preferences and basic personal data along with the speciation of the features of leaner-specific, including multiple dimensions of learning styles and performance.Figure Project ed Learning Resource OntologyClass DiagramA class diagram is the UML structure diagram that illustrates the structure of designed system by personify the classes in the system, constraints, relationships, their features, amongst the classes. Moreover, the active entities of the anticipated systems include courses, students, course administrator, and course content. The entities of the business domain include test, enrolment, course evaluation, and course specification (Kuhn, 2012). The class diagram of the communicate system has been illustrated in the below mentioned figure.Figure Class diagram of Learning Resources ontologyLogical RulesThe above mentioned rules demonstrate the semantic probing of course content upon the system. The bill of the rules is mentioned below.rules 1 the privilege of the learner to course content ie enrollmentrules 2 pre-request courses of various courses (Ferraram, 2013).rule 3 topic of certain contents such as authentication lectures of course databa se is linked to security of topic tooRelated WorkThe research will incorporate the approaches of e-learning content management along with the semantic approach that is associated with the represented work. The review has enhanced the e-learning environments with that of the semantic-rich cognisance information. It has intended the educators to utilise this information when updating learning content for future courses. Therefore, heuristics have been authentic that allow both the convergence of LCMS log data and the intelligent analysis into the ontologies of the Semantic web. ILMSs (Intelligent LMSs) have linked the modern approach to the web-based education is dependent upon the LMSs, but under adaptive hypermedia and intelligent tutoring technologies (Kholief, 2012). As the generation of the new Web, the Semantic web has improved conditions for reusing and composing the learning materials.The research has been aimed to develop a simple, learner-oriented, and customised e-learning system as well as to create the material of particular course conforming SCORM. The research emphases upon the development of an ontology of student model that is appropriate with the involve of learning procedures in the faculty of computer science. The oncology has, moreover, incorporated the knowledge regarding student learning styles, student data, as well as the performance of the students (Jain, 2013). The research is based upon the approach, identifying such of those learning objects that amalgamate information technology and educational pedagogy via instructional design.Brief Phenomenon of OntologiesThe term Ontology comes from the world of philosophy is the part of metaphysics that deals with being in general and of their transcendental properties, or properties that transcend the limits of the merely experimental (Wanner et al, 2015). This concept has been adopted by computer science, specifically in the domain of artificial intelligence, adapting it to their needs, and using a metaphor according to which the experimental, physical, tangible, objective and recordable would be the data, and the metaphysical, inedible, subjective would be informative. More rigorously, this metaphorical adoption has given rise to a wide diverseness of definitions of this new concept, a product of the points of view of diverse authors and, fundamentally, of the different ways of constructing and using ontologies as computer systems (Brizzi et al, 2016). Among the most well-known and used definitions is that states that that an ontology constitutes an explicit and formal specification of mental abstractions, which are shaped by an agreement of the expert community in a domain and in a design for a specific purpose this definition implies a multitude of aspects that contribute to clarify this concept.Therefore, when analysed in detail, it is ontology provides the structure for a vocabulary controlled in a way similar to a dictionary or a thesaurus. This vocabulary, agre ed by the community, is expressed through concepts, thus conforming the abstractions (Johnson, 2016). On the other hand, in terms of the formal specification of a vocabulary, this could be in various forms, such as a flat list of words, a dictionary, a taxonomy, an entity-relationship diagram, a Unified Mark-up Language (UML) model, an XML schema and many other possible ones (Goodchild, 2013). However, the ontologies are much more than described so far and to give a small sample that its possibilities are not confined and trying to clarify and deepen especially, it has resorted to the definition of Neches and employees.It has been argued that ontology defines the vocabulary of an area through a set of basic terms and relations among these terms, as well as such, as rules that combine terms and relationships that extend given definitions in the vocabulary (Kuhn, 2012). This assumes that the ontologies are not formed only by mere concepts with a certain organisation, which would not be much more distant of a thesaurus, but also relations, rules, and axioms are given between concepts that meliorate and contribute to expanding the vocabulary of the work domain. In order to clarify, with a concrete case, what is ontology is included below an example regarding possible travel ontology (Stocker et al, 2014). Within it would be all the relevant concepts related to the subject in question, among others travel, flight, the client, lodging, road, sack, arrival, rate, etc.In this ontology, everything would start from the key concept, trip. Of the same, the different types of trips that a person can perform (flight, train, bus, by boat, etc.). Also, it is the item that every trip has a single date, time and drive of departure and a single date, time and place of arrival, a company and a tariff, concepts all that would be part of the ontology (Whitehead et al, 2013). Once all the basic concepts have been defined, the relations between them, for example, a trip of a cer tain type with a place of departure and another one of arrival corresponds a determined duration. Another possible relationship would be formed by the place of the concept of departure, place of arrival, and itinerary by road, and that a certain sequence of roads connects two different places.The complexity and variety of relationships can become as can view since the multiplicity of relationships can achieve a system much more powerful and effective. Thus, a city of origin may have as points of departure a particular bus station, a train station or an airport (Jain, 2013). Different points of departure that will be depending on the chosen culture or on other issues such as schedules or economic ailments, among others. With this complexity of criteria, intelligence implemented in the system this will be able to guide to the most suitable station or airport, at a certain time and with the relevant transhipments. In this way, the efficiency can be management process of any trip, gre atly facilitating the whole process (Ferraram, 2013). Another important element that is part of the ontologies are the axioms (logical expressions), which serve to define meaningful constraints of the type such as, is not possible to travel from the USA to Europe by train or it is not possible to travel by boat between capital of Spain and Barcelona.In addition to it, this small ontology could be implemented on an Information System (GIS), helping to manage all this information in a more efficient and autonomous, because it will allow the user to know what type of transport takes you from one city to another, days and times of departure and arrival, fares, durations, accommodation, etc., all in a smart and automated way. Without forgetting that the information to be obtained can be as much or more complex as it goes bringing greater